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<br>Announced in 2016, Gym is an open-source Python library created to assist in the advancement of reinforcement learning algorithms. It aimed to standardize how environments are specified in [AI](https://www.89u89.com) research study, [hb9lc.org](https://www.hb9lc.org/wiki/index.php/User:JaunitaGibbes) making [published](https://medatube.ru) research more quickly reproducible [24] [144] while supplying users with a basic user interface for communicating with these environments. In 2022, new [advancements](https://git.dev-store.xyz) of Gym have actually been transferred to the library Gymnasium. [145] [146] |
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<br>Gym Retro<br> |
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<br>Released in 2018, Gym Retro is a platform for reinforcement learning (RL) research on video games [147] utilizing RL algorithms and research study generalization. Prior RL research study focused mainly on enhancing representatives to [resolve single](https://dev.fleeped.com) jobs. Gym Retro gives the capability to generalize between video games with comparable principles but various looks.<br> |
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<br>RoboSumo<br> |
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<br>Released in 2017, RoboSumo is a [virtual](http://47.93.16.2223000) world where humanoid metalearning robot agents initially lack understanding of how to even walk, however are offered the goals of finding out to move and to press the opposing representative out of the ring. [148] Through this adversarial knowing procedure, the agents discover how to adjust to changing conditions. When an agent is then removed from this virtual environment and placed in a new virtual environment with high winds, the agent braces to remain upright, suggesting it had [learned](http://tfjiang.cn32773) how to balance in a generalized way. [148] [149] OpenAI's Igor Mordatch argued that competition in between representatives could develop an intelligence "arms race" that might increase a representative's ability to work even outside the context of the competitors. [148] |
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<br>OpenAI 5<br> |
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<br>OpenAI Five is a group of 5 OpenAI-curated bots used in the competitive five-on-five video game Dota 2, that discover to play against [human gamers](https://social-lancer.com) at a high [ability level](http://121.40.114.1279000) entirely through [trial-and-error algorithms](http://www.haimimedia.cn3001). Before ending up being a team of 5, the first public presentation happened at The International 2017, the annual best championship tournament for the video game, where Dendi, a [professional Ukrainian](http://xiaomu-student.xuetangx.com) player, lost against a bot in a live individually match. [150] [151] After the match, CTO Greg Brockman explained that the bot had actually found out by playing against itself for 2 weeks of real time, and that the learning software application was a step in the direction of developing software application that can handle complex tasks like a cosmetic surgeon. [152] [153] The system utilizes a kind of reinforcement learning, as the bots learn with time by playing against themselves numerous times a day for months, and are rewarded for actions such as killing an enemy and taking map goals. [154] [155] [156] |
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<br>By June 2018, the capability of the [bots broadened](https://git.berezowski.de) to play together as a complete team of 5, and they were able to defeat groups of amateur and semi-professional gamers. [157] [154] [158] [159] At The International 2018, OpenAI Five played in 2 [exhibition matches](https://git.opskube.com) against expert gamers, however ended up losing both video games. [160] [161] [162] In April 2019, OpenAI Five defeated OG, the ruling world champs of the game at the time, 2:0 in a live exhibit match in San Francisco. [163] [164] The bots' last public look came later on that month, where they played in 42,729 total video games in a four-day open online competitors, winning 99.4% of those games. [165] |
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<br>OpenAI 5['s systems](http://42.192.14.1353000) in Dota 2's bot player shows the difficulties of [AI](http://kyeongsan.co.kr) systems in multiplayer online [fight arena](https://fototik.com) (MOBA) games and how OpenAI Five has actually shown making use of deep reinforcement [knowing](https://grace4djourney.com) (DRL) agents to attain superhuman competence in Dota 2 matches. [166] |
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<br>Dactyl<br> |
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<br>Developed in 2018, Dactyl utilizes machine learning to train a Shadow Hand, a human-like robotic hand, to control physical items. [167] It finds out completely in simulation using the exact same RL algorithms and training code as OpenAI Five. OpenAI tackled the object orientation issue by utilizing domain randomization, a simulation technique which the [student](https://tartar.app) to a variety of experiences rather than [attempting](https://gitea.dgov.io) to fit to reality. The set-up for Dactyl, aside from having motion tracking electronic cameras, also has RGB electronic cameras to enable the robot to [control](https://gitea.nafithit.com) an approximate things by seeing it. In 2018, OpenAI revealed that the system was able to [manipulate](http://repo.fusi24.com3000) a cube and an octagonal prism. [168] |
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<br>In 2019, OpenAI showed that Dactyl might fix a [Rubik's Cube](https://qdate.ru). The robot was able to solve the puzzle 60% of the time. Objects like the Rubik's Cube present intricate physics that is harder to model. OpenAI did this by enhancing the effectiveness of Dactyl to perturbations by utilizing Automatic Domain Randomization (ADR), a simulation technique of producing gradually more difficult environments. ADR varies from manual [domain randomization](http://123.60.19.2038088) by not needing a human to define randomization varieties. [169] |
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<br>API<br> |
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<br>In June 2020, OpenAI announced a multi-purpose API which it said was "for accessing new [AI](http://gitlabhwy.kmlckj.com) designs developed by OpenAI" to let designers get in touch with it for "any English language [AI](https://cariere.depozitulmax.ro) job". [170] [171] |
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<br>Text generation<br> |
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<br>The business has actually popularized generative pretrained transformers (GPT). [172] |
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<br>OpenAI's initial GPT model ("GPT-1")<br> |
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<br>The initial paper on generative pre-training of a transformer-based language design was written by Alec Radford and his colleagues, and released in preprint on OpenAI's website on June 11, 2018. [173] It demonstrated how a generative design of language might obtain world knowledge and process long-range reliances by pre-training on a diverse corpus with long stretches of adjoining text.<br> |
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<br>GPT-2<br> |
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<br>[Generative](https://git.dev-store.xyz) Pre-trained Transformer 2 ("GPT-2") is a without supervision transformer language design and the follower to OpenAI's initial GPT design ("GPT-1"). GPT-2 was revealed in February 2019, with only limited demonstrative variations at first released to the general public. The full version of GPT-2 was not instantly released due to issue about prospective abuse, consisting of applications for composing phony news. [174] Some experts expressed uncertainty that GPT-2 posed a considerable risk.<br> |
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<br>In action to GPT-2, the Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence responded with a tool to detect "neural fake news". [175] Other researchers, such as Jeremy Howard, alerted of "the innovation to absolutely fill Twitter, email, and the web up with reasonable-sounding, context-appropriate prose, which would muffle all other speech and be difficult to filter". [176] In November 2019, [OpenAI released](https://social-lancer.com) the total variation of the GPT-2 language design. [177] Several sites host interactive presentations of various circumstances of GPT-2 and other transformer models. [178] [179] [180] |
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<br>GPT-2's authors argue without supervision language designs to be general-purpose learners, highlighted by GPT-2 attaining cutting edge accuracy and perplexity on 7 of 8 [zero-shot jobs](http://89.251.156.112) (i.e. the model was not further trained on any task-specific input-output examples).<br> |
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<br>The corpus it was trained on, called WebText, contains somewhat 40 gigabytes of text from URLs shared in Reddit submissions with a minimum of 3 upvotes. It avoids certain issues encoding vocabulary with word tokens by using byte pair encoding. This permits representing any string of characters by encoding both individual characters and multiple-character tokens. [181] |
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<br>GPT-3<br> |
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<br>First explained in May 2020, Generative Pre-trained [a] Transformer 3 (GPT-3) is a without supervision transformer language design and the follower to GPT-2. [182] [183] [184] OpenAI stated that the complete version of GPT-3 contained 175 billion criteria, [184] two orders of magnitude bigger than the 1.5 billion [185] in the full variation of GPT-2 (although GPT-3 models with as few as 125 million parameters were likewise trained). [186] |
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<br>OpenAI stated that GPT-3 succeeded at certain "meta-learning" tasks and might generalize the function of a single input-output pair. The GPT-3 release paper offered examples of translation and cross-linguistic transfer learning in between English and Romanian, and in between English and German. [184] |
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<br>GPT-3 dramatically improved benchmark outcomes over GPT-2. OpenAI warned that such scaling-up of language designs might be approaching or experiencing the essential ability constraints of predictive language models. [187] Pre-training GPT-3 required a number of thousand petaflop/s-days [b] of compute, compared to 10s of petaflop/s-days for the full GPT-2 model. [184] Like its predecessor, [174] the GPT-3 trained design was not right away released to the public for issues of possible abuse, although OpenAI planned to enable gain access to through a paid cloud API after a two-month complimentary private beta that started in June 2020. [170] [189] |
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<br>On September 23, 2020, GPT-3 was certified specifically to Microsoft. [190] [191] |
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<br>Codex<br> |
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<br>Announced in mid-2021, Codex is a descendant of GPT-3 that has additionally been trained on code from 54 million GitHub repositories, [192] [193] and is the [AI](https://bibi-kai.com) powering the [code autocompletion](https://gitea.sprint-pay.com) tool GitHub Copilot. [193] In August 2021, an API was released in [private](https://www.flytteogfragttilbud.dk) beta. [194] According to OpenAI, the model can produce working code in over a lots shows languages, most efficiently in Python. [192] |
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<br>Several issues with glitches, design flaws and security vulnerabilities were mentioned. [195] [196] |
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<br>GitHub Copilot has been accused of producing copyrighted code, without any author attribution or license. [197] |
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<br>OpenAI announced that they would cease support for Codex API on March 23, 2023. [198] |
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<br>GPT-4<br> |
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<br>On March 14, 2023, OpenAI revealed the release of Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4 (GPT-4), efficient in accepting text or image inputs. [199] They revealed that the upgraded technology passed a simulated law school bar exam with a rating around the top 10% of test takers. (By contrast, GPT-3.5 scored around the bottom 10%.) They said that GPT-4 could likewise read, analyze or create as much as 25,000 words of text, and compose code in all major programs languages. [200] |
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<br>Observers reported that the version of ChatGPT utilizing GPT-4 was an enhancement on the previous GPT-3.5-based model, with the caveat that GPT-4 retained a few of the issues with earlier revisions. [201] GPT-4 is likewise [capable](https://git.xiaoya360.com) of taking images as input on ChatGPT. [202] OpenAI has declined to expose various technical details and statistics about GPT-4, such as the precise size of the model. [203] |
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<br>GPT-4o<br> |
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<br>On May 13, 2024, OpenAI revealed and released GPT-4o, which can process and create text, images and audio. [204] GPT-4o attained advanced lead to voice, multilingual, and vision benchmarks, setting new records in audio speech acknowledgment and translation. [205] [206] It scored 88.7% on the Massive Multitask Language Understanding (MMLU) criteria compared to 86.5% by GPT-4. [207] |
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<br>On July 18, 2024, OpenAI [launched](http://39.101.167.1953003) GPT-4o mini, a smaller sized version of GPT-4o replacing GPT-3.5 Turbo on the ChatGPT interface. Its API costs $0.15 per million input tokens and $0.60 per million output tokens, compared to $5 and $15 respectively for GPT-4o. OpenAI anticipates it to be especially useful for business, start-ups and designers seeking to automate services with [AI](https://www.flytteogfragttilbud.dk) representatives. [208] |
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<br>o1<br> |
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<br>On September 12, 2024, OpenAI released the o1-preview and o1-mini models, which have been created to take more time to believe about their responses, causing higher precision. These models are especially effective in science, coding, and [reasoning](http://damoa8949.com) tasks, and were made available to ChatGPT Plus and Employee. [209] [210] In December 2024, o1-preview was replaced by o1. [211] |
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<br>o3<br> |
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<br>On December 20, 2024, OpenAI revealed o3, the follower of the o1 thinking design. OpenAI also [revealed](https://git.xantxo-coquillard.fr) o3-mini, a lighter and much faster variation of OpenAI o3. As of December 21, 2024, this model is not available for public usage. According to OpenAI, they are checking o3 and o3-mini. [212] [213] Until January 10, 2025, safety and security scientists had the chance to obtain early access to these models. [214] The design is called o3 instead of o2 to avoid confusion with telecommunications services [supplier](https://ramique.kr) O2. [215] |
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<br>Deep research<br> |
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<br>Deep research is a representative established by OpenAI, unveiled on February 2, 2025. It leverages the abilities of OpenAI's o3 model to carry out substantial web browsing, information analysis, and synthesis, providing detailed reports within a timeframe of 5 to 30 minutes. [216] With searching and Python tools made it possible for, it reached a precision of 26.6 percent on HLE (Humanity's Last Exam) standard. [120] |
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<br>Image category<br> |
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<br>CLIP<br> |
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<br>[Revealed](http://gitz.zhixinhuixue.net18880) in 2021, CLIP (Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training) is a model that is trained to examine the semantic resemblance in between text and images. It can significantly be used for image classification. [217] |
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<br>Text-to-image<br> |
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<br>DALL-E<br> |
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<br>Revealed in 2021, DALL-E is a Transformer model that creates images from textual descriptions. [218] DALL-E uses a 12-billion-parameter variation of GPT-3 to translate natural language inputs (such as "a green leather handbag shaped like a pentagon" or "an isometric view of a sad capybara") and generate corresponding images. It can produce pictures of realistic items ("a stained-glass window with an image of a blue strawberry") as well as items that do not exist in reality ("a cube with the texture of a porcupine"). Since March 2021, no API or code is available.<br> |
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<br>DALL-E 2<br> |
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<br>In April 2022, OpenAI revealed DALL-E 2, an updated version of the design with more practical outcomes. [219] In December 2022, OpenAI published on GitHub software for Point-E, a new fundamental system for transforming a text description into a 3-dimensional model. [220] |
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<br>DALL-E 3<br> |
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<br>In September 2023, OpenAI revealed DALL-E 3, a more effective design much better able to generate images from complicated descriptions without manual prompt engineering and render complicated details like hands and text. [221] It was launched to the general public as a ChatGPT Plus feature in October. [222] |
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<br>Text-to-video<br> |
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<br>Sora<br> |
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<br>Sora is a text-to-video design that can produce videos based on brief detailed prompts [223] as well as extend existing videos forwards or in [reverse](http://secretour.xyz) in time. [224] It can generate videos with resolution as much as 1920x1080 or 1080x1920. The maximal length of created videos is unidentified.<br> |
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<br>Sora's advancement team named it after the Japanese word for "sky", to symbolize its "endless innovative capacity". [223] Sora's technology is an adjustment of the technology behind the DALL · E 3 text-to-image design. [225] OpenAI trained the system utilizing publicly-available videos in addition to copyrighted videos certified for that function, however did not reveal the number or the precise sources of the videos. [223] |
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<br>OpenAI demonstrated some Sora-created high-definition videos to the public on February 15, 2024, specifying that it could create videos as much as one minute long. It also shared a technical report highlighting the approaches utilized to train the design, and the model's capabilities. [225] It acknowledged some of its imperfections, consisting of struggles simulating complicated physics. [226] Will Douglas Heaven of the MIT Technology Review called the presentation videos "outstanding", but kept in mind that they should have been cherry-picked and may not represent Sora's common output. [225] |
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<br>Despite [uncertainty](https://git.suthby.org2024) from some academic leaders following Sora's public demo, significant entertainment-industry figures have shown significant interest in the technology's potential. In an interview, actor/filmmaker Tyler Perry expressed his awe at the innovation's ability to generate realistic video from text descriptions, mentioning its possible to transform storytelling and material production. He said that his enjoyment about Sora's possibilities was so strong that he had actually chosen to stop briefly prepare for broadening his Atlanta-based movie studio. [227] |
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<br>Speech-to-text<br> |
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<br>Whisper<br> |
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<br>Released in 2022, Whisper is a general-purpose speech recognition design. [228] It is trained on a big dataset of varied audio and is also a multi-task model that can carry out multilingual speech recognition as well as speech translation and language identification. [229] |
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<br>Music generation<br> |
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<br>MuseNet<br> |
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<br>Released in 2019, MuseNet is a deep neural net trained to forecast subsequent musical notes in MIDI music files. It can create tunes with 10 instruments in 15 styles. According to The Verge, a tune produced by MuseNet tends to begin fairly however then fall into chaos the longer it plays. [230] [231] In popular culture, preliminary applications of this tool were utilized as early as 2020 for the internet psychological thriller Ben Drowned to create music for the titular character. [232] [233] |
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<br>Jukebox<br> |
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<br>Released in 2020, Jukebox is an open-sourced algorithm to produce music with vocals. After training on 1.2 million samples, the system accepts a category, artist, and a snippet of lyrics and outputs song samples. OpenAI stated the tunes "show local musical coherence [and] follow traditional chord patterns" but acknowledged that the tunes do not have "familiar bigger musical structures such as choruses that repeat" which "there is a significant space" between Jukebox and human-generated music. The Verge stated "It's technologically impressive, even if the outcomes sound like mushy versions of songs that might feel familiar", while Business Insider specified "surprisingly, a few of the resulting tunes are appealing and sound legitimate". [234] [235] [236] |
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<br>User interfaces<br> |
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<br>Debate Game<br> |
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<br>In 2018, [OpenAI introduced](http://git.bplt.ru) the Debate Game, which teaches machines to debate toy problems in front of a human judge. The function is to research study whether such a technique might help in auditing [AI](https://git.hackercan.dev) choices and in developing explainable [AI](https://git.jzmoon.com). [237] [238] |
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<br>Microscope<br> |
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<br>Released in 2020, Microscope [239] is a collection of visualizations of every considerable layer and nerve cell of eight neural network designs which are typically studied in interpretability. [240] Microscope was produced to analyze the features that form inside these neural networks easily. The models consisted of are AlexNet, VGG-19, various variations of Inception, and different variations of CLIP Resnet. [241] |
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<br>ChatGPT<br> |
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<br>Launched in November 2022, ChatGPT is an expert system tool developed on top of GPT-3 that supplies a conversational user interface that allows users to ask questions in natural language. The system then reacts with an answer within seconds.<br> |
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